I know of a number of magical discipleships set up in the old Elven societies, but I'm not familiar with any archaeology
schools, but I know of a few groups that would probably resort to Archaeology for the sake of knowledge protection/recovery.
There's an Elven/Half-Elven/Ally group known as the Order of the Setting Sun that dedicates itself to the discovery and recovery of ancient Elven Artifacts. So they do a lot of ruin-diving, researching, and generally try to piece together Elven history and the potential for lost items of power. All under the watchful eye of Labelas Enoreth. And he's all about learning!
Dem Oghmanytes do a lot of teaching as well. I'll shamelessly quote a passage from a non-canon source. But for flavor, this kind of stuff can be really neat:
Oghma's nj-pbem wrote:
Candlekeep is traditionally the greatest center of learning in Faerûn, and one of the most holy places of Oghma. The Leaves of Learning temple in Highmoon (Deepingdale) is the most recently prominent center of worship., but several temples are vying for supremacy in Oghmanyte worship in Faerûn at present: the Tower of Thought in Selgaunt, where Most High Learned Priest Urdiyvan Eraen leads the Church of Oghma; the gilded Domes of Reason temple in Procampur, where High Loremaster Librarian Estember Orntalar seems to be winning a vicious power struggle to succeed the Patriarch of Procampur as leader of the Orthodoxy; and the House of Many Tomes fortified abbey in upland Impiltur, west of Songhal, where Loremaster Most Exalted Prespaerin Cadathlyn claims to have reached "a new closeness" to the Binder and has taken on the title "Binder of Faerûn" as a mark of his oneness with the god. The Font of Knowledge in Waterdeep is also notable as the most recently completed Grand Temple of Oghma. It was finished in Midsummer of the Year of the Banner (1368DR) and is led by Loremaster Most High Sandrew the Wise.
The Library of Curna in the Curna Mountains (also known as the Mountains of Wisdom) in the Shining South holds the most prominent center of scholarship and worship of Oghma in the guise of Curna. Its contents are said to differ from Candlekeep's in that they focus more on current events, business, and naturalistic studies than Candlekeep's collection, whose strength is by far in historical works.
Cited SourceThose would be a few locations where one might learn about ancient ruins and the like. I would have to agree with the others so far, in that university institutions were rare, while mentor-pupil relationships were much more prominent. This is still very much the age of the Rhetorician, or the wise and famous teacher that everyone seeks to learn from, because he's wise and famous. But hopefully this helps!